Market Commentary
The Fed's Exit Strategy
By Michael McDonough
Street.com Contributor
2/19/2010 6:52 AM EST
A rise in the discount rate, Chairman Ben Bernanke's Congressional testimony, Kansas City Fed President Thomas Hoenig's dissenting FOMC vote, and the FOMC's most recent minutes are all setting the stage for a reversal of the central bank's accommodative monetary policy. But, the coming tightening cycle will likely be as unique as the easing that preceded it, with equally uncertain consequences.
The Fed's unprecedented moves to stave off a global financial collapse not only brought its reference rate down essentially to zero, it also introduced a new tool: quantitative easing. After all was said and done, the Fed's balance sheet ballooned to more than $2 trillion, with roughly $1 trillion used to purchase mortgage-backed securities (MBS) in an attempt to stabilize and resuscitate a moribund housing market.
Quantitative easing is set to end at the close of the first quarter, replaced by quantitative tightening, with potentially significant repercussions to the U.S. housing sector and the nascent economic recovery. To grasp the consequences, investors should first look at how these policies were implemented and what were the effects.
As the chart below illustrates, the Fed's initial reaction to the brewing crisis was fairly typical. It rapidly cut the Fed funds target rate, while maintaining a stable balance sheet. The Fed did take some unusual steps early on, including reducing the spread between the discount rate and Fed funds target rate to provide relief to distressed banks.
By the end of 2008, it was clear this was no typical crisis -- consider Lehman and American International Group (AIG) . The Fed and other central banks around the world expanded their existing programs and introduce even more extraordinary measures to support the global financial system. These measures included the Fed's Term Auction Facility (TAF), Term Securities Lending Facility, swap lines with foreign central banks, expanding accepted collateral, the AIG bailout, paying interest on excess reserves, and so on. For a much more detailed look at the Fed's policy responses, take a look at Fed published timeline.
Effective Fed Funds Rates vs. Central Bank Balance Sheet
Source: St. Louis Fed
(Chart im nächsten Posting)
Here's what we can be certain of: Many of the Fed's special facilities are scheduled to end by the close of the first quarter. To be specific, the Fed's Asset-Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility, the Commercial Paper Funding Facility, the Primary Dealer Credit Facility, and the Term Securities Lending Facility, all ended on Feb. 1. The Term Auction Facility is set to end March 8, and the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility will expire March 31 for loans backed by anything but new-issue commercial MBS.
But the biggest concern for investors is the Fed's plan to wind down its $1.25 trillion agency mortgage backed securities purchases, which will conclude at the end of March. The Fed implemented this program to prop up the housing market by providing liquidity and lower interest rates -- both factors have been critical to the insipient housing recovery. According to Barclay's estimates in 2009, the Fed purchased nearly three times the amount of total net-agency issuance during 2009.
As the chart below illustrates, the surge in the Fed's balance sheet coincided with a significant decline in fixed 30-year mortgage rates. I expect that, as this program winds down, mortgage rates will come under significant pressure [und andere Longbonds vermutlich ebenfalls - A.L.] and could potentially rise by as much as 100 basis points. Any incremental increase in mortgage rates, combined with tighter credit could jeopardize the housing recovery. Private investors could help mitigate a portion of the risks, depending on the magnitude of their purchases as they move back into the GSE MBS market.
30-Year Mortgage Rate vs. the Central Bank Balance Sheet
Source: St. Louis Fed
(Chart unten)
Looking ahead, few will dispute that one of the Fed's first steps toward tightening will be to reduce its balance sheet. For the moment, the Fed's traditional monetary policy tool, the Fed funds rate, has been put on a back burner, replaced by quantitative tightening, the discount rate, and interest on excess reserves. Looking at the options available, I expect tightening will occur on a last-in/first-out basis, meaning the Fed will start reversing its more extraordinary measures, before moving to its more traditional tools: rate increase. [Deckt sich mit meiner Jawboning-Vermutung in # 57699]
I believe the Fed's first move toward less accommodative monetary policy took place yesterday, with the discount rate rising to 0.75% from 0.50%. This brought the spread between the discount rate and the Fed funds target closer to its pre-crisis 100 basis-point level, which will help discourage emergency borrowing by financial institutions. According to the Fed, "The modifications are not expected to lead to tighter financial conditions for households and businesses and do not signal any change in the outlook for the economy or for monetary policy."
This may be true, but it also indicates the Fed is ready to act, and the market can expect further tightening. Nevertheless, I still don't believe the Fed funds rate will rise prior to November, with the risks currently balanced.
In the latest FOMC minutes, Fed staff introduced six tools to remove accommodative monetary policy:
1. Raising the interest rate paid on excess reserve balances (the IOER rate);
2. Executing term reverse repurchase agreements with the primary dealers;
3. Executing term RRPs with a broader range of counterparties;
4. Using a term deposit facility (TDF) to absorb excess reserves;
5. Redeeming Fed-held maturing and prepaid securities without reinvesting the proceeds;
6. Selling Fed-held securities before they mature.
These tools could be used individually, or in various combinations to drain the "punchbowl." However, I expect the Fed will first address its swelling balance sheet before raising the IOER or its target rate. Therefore, any moves to sell assets from the Fed's balance sheet will be perceived as a primary precursor to higher rates -- as was the increase in the discount rate, and this could occur as early as the second or third quarter.
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