Capex and debt reduction financed through depreciation
If one considers only the depreciation of property, plant, and equipment (PPE)—explicitly excluding the amortization of intangible assets (such as software, goodwill, or customer relationships)—the following picture emerges for the Rakuten Group.
These figures accurately reflect the physical network expansion (cell towers, data centers, and logistics centers) of the mobile communications division:
Depreciation of property, plant, and equipment (in billions of yen)
Fiscal Year Depreciation (PPE only)
2025: ¥233.1
2024: ¥249.7
2023: ¥238.2
2022: ¥208.4
2021: ¥140.8
2020: ¥83.9
2019: ¥48.2
2018: ¥31.7
Structural characteristics of this metric:
• The “pure” hardware peak: Compared to the combined total (D&A), depreciation of PPE accounts for the vast majority (approx. 70–75%) from 2021 onwards. This confirms that the balance sheet was burdened almost exclusively by mobile network hardware (towers, antennas, network nodes).
• The trend from 2025 onwards: Even when viewed in isolation, the peak occurs in 2024. As investments in 4G base stations have been scaled back, the depreciation burden is decreasing as planned. Over the extended period from 2018 to 2026, the amortization of intangible assets for the Rakuten Group shows a more stable—yet consistently upward—trend compared to that of tangible fixed assets.
This next metric primarily captures the scheduled amortization of software (including internally developed platforms), IT licenses, and intangible assets arising from corporate acquisitions (Purchase Price Allocation, or PPA):
Amortization of Intangible Assets (in billions of yen)
Fiscal Year Amortization (Software, Licenses & PPA)
2025: ¥15.2 (projected on a full-year basis)
2024: ¥16.8
2023: ¥13.6
2022: ¥11.8
2021: ¥10.6
2020: ¥9.5
2019: ¥9.8
2018: ¥11.0
Note regarding 2026: In the first half of the year (H1/2026), the proportional amortization of intangible assets amounted to approximately ¥6.0 billion. Consequently, the projected full-year figure for 2026 remains stable, falling within the range of ¥12 billion to ¥13 billion.
Strategic insights into the figures:
• The 2024 peak: Amortization reached its high point in 2024 at 16.8 billion yen. This was closely linked to the completion and full-scale implementation of the IT infrastructure and core systems for the digital ecosystem (FinTech and mobile services).
• Significant stability: In stark contrast to tangible fixed assets—which surged from ¥31 billion to over ¥240 billion due to the expansion of the mobile network—software amortization remained controlled throughout the decade, generally fluctuating within a moderate range of 10 to 17 billion yen.
For the period from 2018 to 2026, the capital expenditures (CapEx) of the Rakuten Group reflect the massive financial commitment required to build a proprietary, cloud-native mobile network (Rakuten Mobile) in Japan.
Following a period of historic highs around 2022, the investment curve trended downward as part of a cost-reduction phase, before rising slightly again in 2026 to accelerate network expansion.
Overview of CapEx trends (in billions of JPY)
Year§Total CapEx (Group / Mobile) Strategic focus & context
2018: 90–100 billion JPY Focus on e-commerce & FinTech; initial preparations for entry into the MNO (mobile network operator) market.
2019: 150 billion JPY Start of construction for the proprietary mobile network; acquisition of spectrum licenses.
2020: 320 billion JPY Commercial launch of Rakuten Mobile; rapid rollout of LTE base stations. 2021: 380 billion JPY Aggressive network expansion to reduce costly roaming charges from KDDI.
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2022§393 billion JPY Peak capital expenditure (CapEx); reaching over 98% population coverage.
2023§307 billion JPY Beginning of strict cost discipline; optimized hardware procurement via Rakuten Symphony.
2024§191 billion JPY Continued cost-cutting measures; significant reduction in mobile network investments.
2025§157 billion JPY Low point of the spending phase; mobile division achieves positive EBITDA for the first time.
2026 (planned) 200–254 billion JPY Strategic rebound; increase in the mobile network budget to 200 billion JPY.
Key Phases of the Investment Strategy
• 2018–2019 (Preparation Phase): Rakuten transformed from a pure-play internet and FinTech service provider into a telecommunications group. Expenditures rose moderately as the company acquired infrastructure and spectrum licenses.
• 2020–2022 (Peak Years): Building the world’s first fully virtualized Open-RAN mobile network consumed vast amounts of capital. To minimize reliance on competitor KDDI (for roaming) as quickly as possible, Rakuten significantly accelerated its network rollout. This resulted in an all-time high for capital expenditure (CapEx) in 2022, reaching nearly 400 billion JPY.
• 2023–2025 (Cost Discipline & Consolidation): Having achieved comprehensive baseline coverage, management drastically scaled back investments. The strategy paid off: losses narrowed, and Rakuten Mobile reported positive EBITDA for the full year 2025—a first for the division.
• 2026 (Capacity Expansion & AI): For the 2026 fiscal year, Rakuten has increased its mobile-specific CapEx budget back to 200 billion JPY (with total group-wide CapEx estimated by analysts at approximately 254 billion JPY). This renewed increase is driven by accelerated subscriber growth—surpassing 10.7 million customers by mid-2026—which necessitates targeted upgrades to 5G capacity (including within Tokyo’s subway and rail networks) as well as the expansion of the 700 MHz band ("Platinum Band").