Currencies
Dollar's Demise Likely Exaggerated
By Marc Chandler
Street.com Contributor
9/21/2007 2:49 PM EDT
URL: www.thestreet.com/p/rmoney/currencies/10380835.html
The dollar's slide is once again prompting a steady drumbeat warning that the end is nigh. While a further dollar decline seems likely, its demise is likely being exaggerated, and a recovery should come late this year or early next year.
This view is predicated on the understanding that what is ailing the dollar is largely cyclical in nature and, cyclically speaking, the U.S. is ahead of the pack, and the near-term costs of the reflation policy can be expected to yield medium-term returns.
The traditional arguments of the perma-bears place great emphasis on the U.S. fiscal and trade deficits, but these are not the main culprits now. In fact, the U.S. trade deficit is contributing positively to growth for the first time in years. Of the 4.0% growth in the second quarter, the net export component accounted for almost 1.5 percentage points. The budget deficit is poised to come in well below where it had been anticipated as a result of strong corporate and household tax revenues.
More recently, the reserve diversification story has been cited as a weight on the U.S. dollar. The most authoritative sources of the allocation of reserves (the BIS and IMF) do not provide evidence of a diversification out of dollars.
Indeed the most recent data suggest that central banks' dollar holdings have never been greater. It is true that several countries appear to have diversified away from Treasuries, but not out of dollars.
Some countries, including reportedly China, the holder of some $1.3 trillion of reserves, do not reveal the currency composition of their reserves. That limits the strength of the conclusions that can be drawn, but the fact remains that there is no compelling evidence that central banks as a group have been net sellers of U.S. dollars. Even some of the oil-producing countries, which are thought to be diversifying investment funds away from the dollar, appear to have just gone on a shopping spree in the U.S. for real assets.
The primary source of pressure on the dollar appears to be emanating from the interest rate and growth differentials. Since the Federal Reserve completed its two-year monetary tightening cycle in the middle of last year, the market has largely been expecting a rate cut. Although U.S. rates are still above continental European rates, the premium offered has narrowed considerably, and that has tended to erode the greenback's value.
This is not to give the impression that the dollar's losses have been concentrated against the euro. Year to date, the Euro has appreciated just shy of 7% against the dollar. Currencies of countries that are significant commodity producers, like Canada, Norway and Australia, have appreciated considerably more than the euro (16.5%, 13% and almost 10%, respectively).
The rise in commodity prices appears to have a number of causes, including the insatiable appetite of the rapidly growing China, new investment capital pouring into the relative smaller markets (compared to the financials), and the fact that it is more expensive to access the metals and minerals. And this is not even to mention geopolitical issues or even shortage of refinery capacity in the U.S.
The Federal Reserve delivered a bolder-than-expected 50-basis-point-rate cut and, as one would have intuitively expected, the dollar's slide accelerated. The fact that the dollar fell can be of no surprise to Fed officials who unanimously sanctioned the large move. The dollar's decline has been orderly and based on fundamental considerations.
A further decline in the dollar is likely. The Euro has never been higher, but ironically the dollar has been lower against the European currencies. Prior to the advent of the Euro, in the spring of 1995, the dollar was about 3% lower against the German mark. Converting this record low for the dollar to the Euro would put the single currency a little more than 3% higher to near $1.4570. This appears to be the next important psychological target.
However, if the dollar's decline is largely cyclical, as we argue, then we should anticipate the dollar's multiyear downtrend coming to an end either late this year or in the first part of next year. The U.S. has once again demonstrated its pro-growth stance by being one of the first among the major industrialized countries to ease its monetary policy. While some commentators are playing up the risk of the U.S. recession, the Japanese economy already has contracted (1.2% in the second quarter), and officials there are still contemplating tighter monetary and tighter fiscal policy.
European officials still want to claim that they are largely unaffected by the turmoil in the capital markets or the 40% increase in oil prices. Yet it seems clear that the European economies have lost some momentum. Note that the flash readings on the September purchasing manager surveys for the eurozone were much weaker than expected, and if confirmed in the final readings, are at or near two-year lows.
The risk is that by early next year, if not before, the market will begin anticipating an ECB rate cut. Around the same time this works its way through, the impact of what appears to be aggressive Fed easing (100 basis points already off the discount rate and 50 off the fed funds rate), coupled with the additional easing of conditions represented by the dollar's trade-weighted decline, will likely see optimism return for the U.S. economic outlook. The pro-growth stance of the U.S. may renew the attractiveness of U.S. asset markets and direct investment.
There is little sign that the dollar's slide is prompting a capital strike against the U.S. Some observers have cited the fact that the U.S. bond market has sold off in the aftermath of the Fed rate cut. Yet it has been a global selloff. Over the course of the past week, the U.S. 10-year yield has risen by 21 basis point, while the German 10-year yield has risen 20 basis points and the 10-year U.K. gilt issue 21.
While the break-even on the U.S. Treasury's Inflation Protected Securities (TIPS) has shown some increase in inflation expectations, it too appears to have been largely matched by similar instruments in Europe.
In conclusion, we expect the dollar's decline to continue for a bit longer, but suspect that we have entered the latter phases of a multiyear move. We expect that over time, investors will reward the U.S. for its pro-growth stance and that this will lift the greenback from what is likely to be seen, even if in hindsight, as an overshoot.
Marc Chandler has been covering the global capital markets in one fashion or another for nearly 20 years, working at economic consulting firms and global investment banks. Currently, he is the chief foreign exchange strategist at Brown Brothers Harriman. Recently, Chandler was the chief currency strategist for HSBC Bank USA. He is a prolific writer and speaker and appears regularly on CNBC. In addition to being quoted in the financial press, Chandler is often a guest writer for the Financial Times. He also teaches at New York University, where he is an associate professor in the School of Continuing and Professional Studies.