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Im Folgenden geht es um "grüne Knospen" in der US-Wirtschaft - u. a. um die angebliche Kehrtwende bei den Arbeitslosenzahlen in USA. Hier die Zahlen der Erstanträge von letzter Woche:
Do, 29.4.09 - 14:30 MEZ:
Veröffentlichung der Zahlen zu den US-amerikanischen Erstanträgen auf Arbeitslosenhilfe ("Initial Jobless Claims") für die Vorwoche
Die Zahl der Erstanträge auf Arbeitslosenhilfe ist in den USA auf 631.000 gefallen. Erwartet wurden 640.000 neue Anträge nach zuvor 645.000 (revidiert von 640.000).
(Kommentar: Das sind gerade mal 9.000 weniger als zuvor gemeldet - bzw. 14.000 weniger auf Basis der rückwirkend hochrevidierten Zahlen - A.L.)
Eine Wende liegt gemäß Zerohedge (unten) erst vor, wenn die Erstanträge nachhaltig unter 400.000 fallen. Sie liegen jedoch seit 13 Wochen über 600.000. Würden sich die Zahlen ein weiteres Jahr lang bei 600.000 Neuanträgen HALTEN, so ergäbe sich daraus in einem Jahr bereits eine offizielle US-Arbeitslosenquote von 15 %. Zurzeit liegt sie bereits über 8 %.
Allein schon die Pleiten im US-Autosektor (letzte Woche Chrysler, am 1. Juni GM) samt Sekundäreffekten bei Zulieferern lassen erwarten, dass die Erstanträge weiter steigen. Zerohedge rechnet bis Herbst mit einem Anstieg auf über 700.000. Dennoch schließen die Zerohedge-Leute nicht aus, dass im März 2009 ein Langzeittief erreicht worden sein könnte - der Markt also womöglich nicht noch mal tiefer fällt. Dies glaubt auch Alt-Bär Doug Kass.
Barry Ritholtz hingegen hält auf KGV-Basis ein Tief im SP-500 bei 440 für möglich.
(Teil aus längerem Artikel bei "Zerohedge")
Now let’s get to the economy and those fabled green shoots
There is no doubt that the economy is no longer in free-fall, but it is hardly stabilizing, even if the data have improved from deeply negative trends at the turn of the year. There are pundits claiming that because initial jobless claims have managed to come off their recent highs, the end of the recession is in sight. That is a fairy tale, in our opinion.
Slack still being built up in the labor market
Given the looming wave of auto sector layoffs, we expect claims to break to above 700,000 this summer, which would be a new record. So, jobless claims do not appear to have peaked yet. In fact, the relentless surge in continuing claims signals that an ever-increasing amount of slack is being built up in the labor market. There has never been a peaking out in gross claims without there being a confirmation from a similar turn in the continuing jobless claim data. Moreover, initial jobless claims have topped the 600,000 threshold now for 13 weeks in a row, and that is the real story.
To suggest that claims have stabilized above 600,000 and that this is a good thing is ridiculous. It would mean that by this time next year, the unemployment rate could potentially reach 15%. The reason is because employment losses do not end until claims actually break below 400,000. No recession ever ended until claims broke below 600,000, and on average, recessions only end once claims drop below 500,000 (when the last recession ended in November 2001, as an example, claims were 450,000).
Job losses will not end until the end of the year
Employment is one of the four critical ingredients that go into the recession call, not jobless claims, and at over 600,000 on claims, we lose payrolls at a monthly rate of around 600,000. That is hardly what we would call a stable economic backdrop. We do not see job losses ending before the end of the year. Industrial production and real manufacturing/trade sales are two other components that go into the NBER recession-determination model, and our forecast suggests that they too will not bottom conclusively until 2010.
Real organic personal income decrease is unprecedented
What really caught our eye is the fourth horseman of the recession call – real organic personal income. This metric peaked in October 2007 and was early in predicting the official onset of the recession, which began in December of that year. This measure of household income – it nets out government benefits – slipped 0.5% in March and has declined for five months in a row (and six of the past seven). Over that stretch, it declined at over a 6% annual rate, which is unprecedented (the data series go back to 1954).
Expect consumer spending to lag because of lost income
Since August of last year, the consumer sector has lost $266 billion of organic income (in nominal dollars at an annual rate) as job losses mounted, hours worked cut back, and full-time positions shifted to part-time. This lost income – not to mention $20 trillion of evaporated net worth – will likely bring long lags in dampening consumer discretionary spending. We realize that one of the bright spots in the 1Q GDP report was the +2.2% print on real consumer spending. But let’s face facts: The bounce was concentrated in January after a record 30% plunge in retail sales (at an annual rate) in the final three months of 2008. We already know that sales were down in both February and March and that the statistical handoff with respect to consumer spending is negative as we head into the second quarter.
The government does not create income; it redistributes it
We mentioned tape and glue above because the only component of household income that is rising is government transfers (mostly jobless benefits), which rose 0.9% in March and by more than 12% on a year-over-year basis. The government share of personal income at 16.3% is higher today than at any other time in the past six decades (and that covers the LBJ Great Society social benefit transfer of the 1960s). But keep in mind that the government does not create income – it distributes income by borrowing from today’s bondholders and tomorrow’s taxpayer. Not until we begin to see real incomes rise without the crutch of Uncle Sam’s checkbook will it be safe to call for the end of the recession. And again, we see this as more a 2010 story than a 2009 story, although very clearly the markets are suggesting the latter (insofar as they are signaling anything about the economic outlook).
The worst is over
In any event, the economy has certainly passed its worst point of the cycle even if we do not yet see the bottom that many others do at this time. And it may very well be that we overstayed our bearish call on the equity market and that the lows were turned in on March 9. [Dies glaubt u. a. Doug Kass, der Anfang März ein "generational low" ausrief, nach den starken und parabolischen Index-Anstiegen seitdem aber wieder pessimistischer geworden ist und zumindest mit einem deutlichen Rücksetzer rechnet - A.L.] Many pundits who have been around far longer seem to believe that, and they could be right. But there is no sense crying over spilled milk, even after a 30% run-up in the S&P 500 and a 100 basis point surge in the 10-year note yield from the lows. It just broke above its 200-day moving average, and there is nothing but empty space on the chart to 3.8% – that is an observation, not a forecast, by the way.
Lessons learned from the Great Depression
With all that in mind, we thought it would be instructive to look back to the experience of the 1930s. A credit collapse, asset deflation and massive decline in economic activity were finally stopped in their tracks by massive doses of fiscal and monetary stimulus. The S&P 500 bottomed in the summer of 1932 and the trough in GDP occurred shortly thereafter. But if history is any indication, the depression did not end for another nine years. Even after the massive relief efforts and government intervention from the New Deal, we closed the 1930s with a 15% unemployment rate and consumer prices deflating at a 2% annual rate.
Focus on SIRP — safety and yield at a reasonable price
Because the attention now has shifted to the green shoots, as was likely the case after the 1932 low as well, we highly recommend that investors focus on the big picture, which is that the aftershocks of a credit collapse and an asset deflation of this magnitude last for years, even with public sector support. Now go back to that June 1932 low in the S&P 500 (below 5) and the initial surge was breathtaking – the market roared ahead by 75% in just the first three months. But guess what? For buy-and-hold investors, by the end of 1941, the S&P 500 was at the same level as in the fall of 1932. Nine years of nothing, unless you are the most astute trader around.
Folks who chased the rally after the market broke out of the gate woefully underperformed those who stuck with their focus on generating cash flows from the fixed-income market. The yield on long Treasuries fell from 3.8% to 2.5% (Fall of 1932 to the end of 1941) while Baa corporates did even better – rallying from 7.1% to 4.4%. So from this point forward, unless you are comfortable that you have the discipline as to when to get out, the lesson of the last post-credit crunch/asset deflation/depression seven decades ago is to retain your focus on SIRP – safety and yield at a reasonable price. Passive buy-and-hold strategies are destined to fail, in our view.
http://zerohedge.blogspot.com/2009/05/shooting-shoots.html
Spiegel + Agenturen
STRESSTEST BEI US-BANKEN
Experten befürchten Kapitalbedarf von bis zu 150 Milliarden Dollar
Banges Warten: In wochenlanger Arbeit hat die US-Regierung 19 Banken einem Stresstest unterzogen. Die Ergebnisse drohen ein Schock zu werden. Experten rechnen damit, dass die Branche bis zu 150 Milliarden Dollar frisches Kapital braucht.
Washington/New York - Zwei Tage haben die Banker Zeit, die Nachricht zu verdauen, sich auf die Folgen vorzubereiten: Das Endergebnis des Stresstests sollen die betroffenen Geldinstitute bereits am Dienstag vorgelegt bekommen, berichtet Reuters unter Berufung auf Insider. Am Donnerstag wird es dann der Öffentlichkeit präsentiert.
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Eine gute Nachricht gibt es: Mehreren Berichten zufolge haben alle Banken die Prüfung grundsätzlich bestanden. Doch es drohen harte Auflagen. Paul Miller, Finanzmarktexperte von FBR Capital Markets, glaubt, dass die US-Notenbank Fed von den meisten Banken eine Aufstockung des Eigenkapitals verlangen wird - und dass die nötigen Summen höher sein werden "als die Leute denken". Douglas Elliot vom Washingtoner Forschungsinstitut Brookings geht von insgesamt 100 bis 150 Milliarden Dollar aus. Dem "Wall Street Journal" zufolge könnte allein die Citigroup bis zu zehn Milliarden Dollar benötigen.
Die Stresstests sollen Klarheit über die wahren Ausmaße der US-Finanzkrise bringen - und vor allem zeigen, wie gut die gebeutelten Banken für kommende Krisen gerüstet sind. Mehr als 150 Prüfer und Top-Ökonomen haben sich dabei in wochenlanger Arbeit die 19 größten Geldinstitute des Landes vorgenommen - ein bis dahin nie dagewesener Aufwand. Eigentlich sollten die Ergebnisse bereits am Montag veröffentlicht werden, der Termin wurde allerdings kurzfristig verschoben. Börsianer werteten das als schlechtes Zeichen.
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Neben der Citigroup werde auch die Bank of America nach dem Ergebnis erhebliche Summen auftreiben müssen, glauben Analysten. Bei JP Morgan und Wells Fargo gehe man ebenfalls von hohen Summen aus, sagt Fred Dickson von der Investmentfirma D.A. Davidson und Co.
Eine große Unsicherheit ist, wie die Börsen auf die Ergebnisse reagieren werden, sollten sie tatsächlich derart dramatisch auffallen. In den vergangenen Wochen hatte sich an den Aktienmärkten verhaltene Hoffnung breit gemacht, die Finanzkrise könnte langsam zu Ende gehen. Mehrere Banken hatten überraschend gute Quartalszahlen vorgelegt. Infolge der Veröffentlichung am Donnerstag dürfte es wieder abwärts gehen mit den Kursen, glauben Händler.
Es dürfte für die Banken zudem ungeheuer schwer werden, frisches Kapital aufzutreiben, wenn der Stresstest erst einmal ihre Schwächen offenbart hat, fürchten Experten. Zumal die Zeit knapp ist: Der Notenbank Fed zufolge haben die Geldinstitute nach der Veröffentlichung der Zahlen sechs Monate Zeit, die Anforderungen zu erfüllen. Viele Beobachter erwarten, dass die schwächsten Institute deshalb erneut auf finanzielle Hilfe des Staates angewiesen sein werden - und dass die Regierung im Gegenzug ihre Kontrolle über die Banken ausweiten könnte.
Finanzminister Timothy Geithner hat bereits gewarnt, dass weitere Hilfe auch zu strengeren Kontrollen seitens der Regierung führen werde, wie Bloomberg berichtet. Das könne laut Geithner auch dazu führen, dass Vorstände und Aufsichtsräte auf Geheiß der Regierung gefeuert werden. Präsident Barack Obama sagte der Branche in einem am Samstag veröffentlichten Interview künftig einen geringeren Anteil an der US-Wirtschaft voraus. Die Wall Street werde zwar weiter einen wichtigen Teil der US-Wirtschaft ausmachen, sagte Obama dem "New York Times Magazine". "Sie wird aber eben nicht mehr die Hälfte unserer Wirtschaft sein."
Mit der Angelegenheit vertraute Personen sagten Reuters, zumindest die Citigroup könnte die Forderungen der Prüfer auf jeden Fall erfüllen. Der Bank stehen mehrere Mittel zur Verfügung, um sich frisches Geld zu besorgen, darunter der Verkauf von Vermögenswerten (haha, an die Fed? - A.L.) und die Ausweitung der Pläne zur Umwandlung von Vorzugsaktien in Stammaktien. Diese Maßnahmen dürften ausreichen, hieß es in den Kreisen - wenn überhaupt Geld benötigt wird. (führt allerdings zu ausufernder Staatsbeteiligung - A.L.)
...Die Gespräche mit der Fed und dem Finanzministerium - die für die Tests verantwortlich waren - laufen noch. Und sollten die US-Behörden den Argumenten der Bank über ihre Finanzstärke folgen, hat das Geldinstitut im besten Fall sogar einen Kapitalpuffer von 500 Millionen Dollar.
Die große Spannbreite zeigt, wie schwer es zu sein scheint, die Lage der Banken korrekt zu berechnen. Vor allem die Bewertung potentieller Risikopapiere sei extrem schwer, sagt Finanzmarktexperte Elliott. Er könne sich an keine Zeit erinnern, "seit ich Banken beobachte", in der diesbezüglich eine derartige Unsicherheit herrschte.
Unterdessen setzte sich die Serie der Bankenzusammenbrüche in den USA weiter fort. So übernahm die staatliche Einlagensicherung FDIC die Geschäfte der Silverton Bank of Atlanta, die ihre Dienste vor allem anderen Banken angeboten hatte. Der Zusammenbruch ist bislang einer der größten in diesem Jahr. Am Freitag schloss die FDIC zudem die America West Bank, eine kleinere Regionalbank aus dem Bundesstaat Utah. Außerdem beantragte die seit langem schlingernde US-Hypothekenbank Thornburg Mortgage Gläubigerschutz.
Spiegel - ase/Reuters
Auszug aus Text "Bullen tanzen in den Mai" von Klaus Singer /Timepatternanalysis.de
...Der IWF sagt voraus, die Kreditkrise werde tief sein und lang andauern, selbst dann, wenn die Regierungen die richtigen Maßnahmen entschlossen ergreifen (was sie nach Einschätzung der Organisation nicht tun). Der IWF und die OECD wurden in ihren Einschätzungen zuletzt immer düsterer, während die Finanzmärkte und die Politiker immer optimistischer werden.
Die Gewinnentwicklung gemäß der in der laufenden Quartalssaison bis jetzt erfolgten Unternehmensmeldungen ergibt minus 35 Prozent im Vergleich zum Vorjahresquartal. Per Q1/2009 stellt sich das KGV im Dow auf Basis "as-reported earnings" auf über 50, im S&P 500 auf gut 130. Auf Basis "operating earnings" ergibt sich bei einem Stand des S&P 500 von 870 ein Wert 19. Per Q1/2003 lagen die entsprechenden Werte im S&P 500 bei 28,00 und 17,80.
Da ja angeblich heute (fast) alles so ist wie 2003 zu Beginn der damaligen Hausse, wird mancher bullisch eingestellte Akteur die ähnlichen KGVs auf Basis der "operating earnings" auch noch als bullisches Argument nehmen. Dabei sollte man sicherheitshalber aber doch bedenken:
Erstens lag im März 2003 der vorangegangene Kurs-Peak 30 Monate, die darauf folgende Rezession 15 Monate zurück und konnte damit als "verdaut" gelten. Die aktuelle Rezession jedoch ist noch voll im Schwange. Das lässt sich auch an der heute gemeldeten ersten Schätzung des US-BIP für das abgelaufene Quartal ablesen, wonach die Wirtschaft abermals um annualisiert mehr als 6 Prozent geschrumpft ist.
Zweitens liegt der Peak des vorangegangenen Bull-Runs aktuell erst 17 Monate zurück, wohingegen sich in vergleichbaren, früheren Situationen frühestens nach 30 Monaten ein verlässlicher Boden gebildet hatte (siehe Artikel "Bärenmarkt-Rallye oder Bodenbildung" vom 8. April 2009, hier auch Chart dazu).
Drittens war 2003 nicht gerade die Zeit des "Deleveraging", der starken Staats-Eingriffe und der Regulierungsversuche. Damals wurde noch das hohe Lied des Neoliberalismus gesungen, Kredite waren leicht zubekommen, der Staat zog sich immer weiter aus Real- und Finanzwirtschaft zurück. Die Finanzindustrie und die Investment-Banken (die gab es damals noch!) konnten frei schalten und walten. Der heute kontrahierende Welthandel blühte damals. Dementsprechend "rosig" waren die Wachstums- und Gewinnaussichten - 2003.
Viertens: "Earnings 2003" sind nicht "Earnings 2009". Erst kürzlich wurden die Bilanzierungsvorschriften wieder geändert, so dass den Unternehmen in der Bewertung ihrer Assets ein viel größerer Spielraum gewährt ist. Das nutzen momentan insbesondere die Banken, sie reduzieren ihren Abschreibungsbedarf. Das verschleiert das wahre Ausmaß der faulen Assets in ihren Büchern, wirkt aber, und das ist Sinn der Sache, gewinnsteigernd. Die starke Diskrepanz zwischen "as-reported" und "operating earnings" im Bank-lastigen S&P 500 gibt einem zumindest ein Gefühl dafür, in welchem Umfang hier "geschoben" wird.
Aus "drittens" ergibt sich, dass die Wachstumsaussichten heute viel ungünstiger sind als 2003 und der vierte Punkt macht deutlich, dass die Gewinne heute in Relation zu 2003 wesentlich höher ausfallen (bzw. noch weniger mit der Realität zu haben als damals). Damit aber sind die Aktien heute de facto bereits sehr viel höher bewertet als im April 2003. Mancher bullisch eingestellte Marktteilnehmer möchte das natürlich auch nicht hören und redet von Schnäppchenpreisen.
Nun, die Börse ist kein Ökonomenkongress. Die Kurse steigen im Rahmen eher - vorsichtig gesagt - ungünstiger Voraussetzungen. Dieses Jahr negatives Wirtschaftswachstum, nächstes bestenfalls schlapp positiv, hohe KGV-Bewertung, geringe Inflation/Deflation. Gleichzeitig steigt die Geldmenge drastisch. Sie kommt in der Realwirtschaft nicht an, statt dessen fließt sie in die Löcher, die das Platzen der Kreditblase hinterlassen hat - siehe "Chart "Reserve-Ratio". Und ein Teil davon wird abgezweigt, um zu spekulieren. Also Inflation in den Asset-Märkten - überschüssige Liquidität zum Nulltarif treibt momentan die Kurse.
Die Fed hat im Kommunique ihrer gestrigen FOMC-Sitzung ihre Einschätzung der wirtschaftlichen Lage einen Tick weniger negativ justiert. Das stimmt mit dem Verlauf einiger Makrodaten überein, die in ihrer Fallgeschwindigkeit etwas nachlassen. So beim Verlauf der Hauspreise in den USA, so auch beim Verbrauchervertrauen, dessen Teilindex der künftigen Erwartungen gegenüber dem Vormonat kräftig anstieg und damit den gesamten Index hoch zog. Aber wie bei den anderen, von mir verfolgten Makrodaten, so kann auch hier von einer Trendwende keine Rede sein. Die voreilend verbesserte Stimmung müsste schon durch steigende Einkommen unterfüttert werden. Angesichts dessen, was sich z.B. im Bereich der Kfz-Industrie um GM und Chrysler abzeichnet, ist das kurzfristig eher nicht zu erwarten - im Gegenteil.
Stimmt - die zuletzt wieder verstärkt beobachtete Haltung, negative Nachrichten weg zu stecken, ist als bullische Stärke zu werten. Bullische Stärke derer, die sich bisher in den Markt gekauft haben. Seit Anfang März bis zum Ende der vergangenen Woche befand sich die Volumenverteilung in Akkumulation (wenige kaufen viel). In der jetzt angelaufenen Distributionsphase (viele kaufen (wenig)) muss sich zeigen, was von der bullischen Stärke auf die Seitenlinie überspringt. In den ersten beiden Tagen war davon nicht viel zu merken, die gestrigen Zugewinne führten im S&P 500 lediglich in den Bereich der am 17. April markierten Höchststände zurück.
Ab jetzt gilt es also: Erst wenn sich der S&P 500 in der angelaufenen Distribution über 875 festsetzen kann, kann von breit angelegter bullischer Stärke gesprochen werden... (oder auch nicht - A.L.) ... Analog gilt beim NDX die Marke von 1384, hier verläuft die EMA200. Der Index ist übrigens der erste, der seine EMA200 touchiert. Die darin offenbarte relative Stärke spricht ohne Zweifel für die Bullen.
Und trotzdem, die Gefahr zumindest eines technischen Betriebsunfalls steigt. Die technische Lage ist sehr stark überdehnt. Niemand möchte seine seit Anfang März aufgelaufene Gewinne bei Aktien wieder hergeben. Natürlich will aber auch niemand ohne Anlass aus dem Markt aussteigen. Und so steigt das Risiko. Welcher Anlass auch immer herangezogen wird, ob die Schweinegrippe oder ein Sack Reis, der irgendwo in China umfällt - eine Korrektur kommt in einer solchen Situation gerne völlig unerwartet.
Klaus Singer - http://www.timepatternanalysis.de/
Banking Fortunes – From “Catastrophic!” to “Just Awful”!
Posted At : May 1, 2009 11:27 PM | Posted By : Satyajit Das
The recent rally in equity markets – the largest for decades – was predicated, in part, on the improving fortune of banks.
Banks reported better than expected profits. U.S. banks seem likely to pass the “stress” test. Repayment of taxpayers funds by some institutions, at least, seemed imminent. Scrutiny suggests that the episode reflected Adlai Stevenson’s logic: “These are conclusions on which I base my facts.”
Banks beat “well managed” low-ball expectations. In the last quarter of 2008, publicly traded banks lost $52 billion. Despite a return to profitability for some institutions, in the first quarter of 2009, banks are still expected to lose around $34 billion. For example, UBS and Morgan Stanley recorded losses.
The quality of earnings was questionable. Core businesses declined by 20-30%. Trading revenues, especially fixed income, rose sharply at most big banks reflecting high volumes of bond issuance, especially investment grade corporate issues and government guaranteed bank debt.
Corporate issuance was the result of the continued tightening in credit availability as banks reduced balance sheet. The issuance of government guaranteed bank debt provided underwriters with a “double subsidy” – the government guaranteed the debt but then allowed the banks to earn generous fees from underwriting government guaranteed debt.
High volatility generated strong trading revenues. Key factors were increased client flows and increases in bid-offer spreads (by up to 300% in some products). High trading revenues also reflect principal position taking and trading. It will be interesting to see if trading revenues are sustainable.
Questions remain about the impact of payments by AIG to major banks. Conspiracy theories notwithstanding, it seems likely that these were collateral amounts due to the counterparty or settlement of positions that were terminated. At a minimum, the banks benefited from a one-off increase in trading volume and also larger than normal bid-offer spreads on these closeouts reflecting the distressed condition of AIG.
The banks also benefited from revaluing their own debt where credit spread widened. The theory is that the bank could currently purchase the debt at a value lower than face values and retire them to recognise the gain. Unfortunately, banks are not in position to realise this “paper” gain and ultimately if the debt is repaid at maturity then the “gain” disappears. If you are confused then revaluation of issued debt worked differently at Morgan Stanley. The bank would have been profitable without a $1.5bn accounting charge caused by an increase in the price of its debt from lower credit spreads.
Earning were also helped by a series of one-off factors. Bank of America realised a large gain on the sale of its stake in China Construction Bank and also revalued some acquired assets as part of the closing of its Merrill Lynch acquisition.
Goldman Sach’s changed it balance date reporting results to the end of March rather than February. Given that its last financials were for the year to the end of November 2008, Goldmans separately reported a loss for December 2008. It is not clear how much Goldmans Sachs profit benefited from the change in the reporting dates.
Barclays Bank recently sold its iShares unit (a profitable unit which contributed around 50% of the earnings of BGI (Barclays Global Investors) to a private equity firm for $4.2 billion allowing the bank to book a gain of $2.2 billion that boosted capital ratios. CVC Capital only paid $1.05 billion with the rest ($3.1 billion) being borrowed from Barclays itself. The loan was for 5 years and Barclays is required to keep the majority of the debt on balance sheet for at least five years.
In effect, the gain and capital increase is lower than the cash received (in effect, Barclays is treating part of its loan as profit and capital!). In addition, senior executives of Barclays received substantial gains from the sale under a compensation scheme where BGI employees received shares and options over (up to) 10.3 % of the division’s equity.
Effects of changes in mark-to-market accounting standards, which arguably reflected political and industry pressure, are also not clear. New guidance permits banks to exclude losses deemed “temporary” and also allows significant subjectivity in valuing positions. This may improve the financial position and overstate both earnings and capital. Some commentators believe that the changes could increase earnings by up to 10 to 15% and capital by up to 20%.
The market ignored continuing increases in bad debts and provisions. After all “that’s so yesterday!” Further losses are likely in consumer lending (e.g. mortgages, credit cards and auto loans), corporate and commercial lending.
In recent years, it has become an article of accepted faith that corporate debt levels have fallen. In aggregate, that is perfectly true. However, the debt has become concentrated in a number of sectors - commercial property, merger financing, private equity/ leveraged finance and infrastructure and resource financing.
The overall quality of debt has deteriorated significantly. In 2008, over 70% of all rated debt were non-investment grade (“junk”). This is an increase from less than 30% in 1980 and around 50% in 1990. The debt is also heavily reliant on collateral; the loans are secured against financial assets (shares and property). Reduced ability to service the debt and falling collateral values may prove problematic. For example, the recent distressed sale of the John Hancock Tower produced around 50% of the value paid a few years earlier.
In April 2009, the International Monetary Fund (“IMF”) estimated that banks and other financial institutions face aggregate losses of $4.1 trillion, an increase from $2.2 trillion in January 2009 and $1.4 trillion in October 2009. Around $2.7 trillion of the losses are expected to be borne by banks. The IMF estimated that in the United States banks had reported $510 billion in write-downs to date and face additional write downs of $550 billion. Euro zone banks had reported $154 billion in write-downs face a further $750 billion in losses. British banks had written down $110 billion and face an additional $200 billion in write offs.
Banks may not be properly provisioned for these further write-downs. Recent accounting standards made it difficult for banks to dynamically provision whereby banks provided in low loss years for any eventual increase in loans losses when the economic cycle turns. Criticisms regarding income smoothing led to this practice being discontinued. Increasing bad debt will flow directly into bank earnings as credit losses increase as the real economy slows.
The stress tests do not provide comfort regarding the health of the banks. As Nouriel Roubini, Chairperson of RGE Monitor, has pointed out the likely macro-economic environment is likely to be significantly worse than the adverse scenarios used. The Federal Reserve hinted that banks even banks that passed the “stress test” would be required to hold extra capital. This is puzzling as surely a bank is appropriately capitalised or it is not. Given that the test is the basis for setting solvency capital requirements, this is hardly reassuring or a guarantee that further taxpayer funded recapitilisation of the banking system is not going to be needed.
The proposal floated by some banks to return taxpayer capital misses an essential point. The banks did not offer to waive the government/ FDIC guarantees, which have allowed them to fund in the capital markets. The suspicion is that the proposal had more to do with avoiding close public scrutiny of compensation and hiring practices. Goldman’s compensation costs increased 18% in the first Quarter while employee numbers were down around 7% translating into a 27% increase in employee costs.
The reality is that the global economic system is de-leveraging and levels of debt must be reduced. As result, asset values are declining and sustainable growth levels have fallen significantly. In this environment, banks are likely to continue to suffer losses on assets (bad debts and further write offs) and earnings will remain sluggish (lower loan demand and lower levels of financial transactions). Higher funding costs and the need to raise capital compound the difficulties. For the banks currently: “On the liability side, some things aren’t right and on the asset side, nothing’s left.”
Many major global bank shares are still, on average, trading at levels 70%-90% below their highs. Following the collapse of the “bubble” economy, Japanese banks staged a number of significant recoveries in share price before falling sharply necessitating government intervention to recapitalise and consolidate the banking system.
There seems to be a patent unwillingness to admit to and confront the problems facing the industry. Recognition of the problem is generally a prerequisite to working towards a solution.
Amusingly, Peter Hahn, a former managing director of CitiGroup and now a fellow at London’s Cass Business School was reported by Bloomberg as saying: “When you look at the income numbers that have been put out by banks recently they contain so much fudge and financial manipulation. You could say that the automobile industry has a clearer future at the moment.”
Banks have gone from catastrophic to just awful. By most standards, that condition does not constitute a necessary and sufficient condition for a recovery in the global economy.
2009 Satyajit Das Blog
Satyajit Das is a risk consultant and author of Traders, Guns & Money: Knowns and Unknowns in the Dazzling World of Derivatives (2006, FT-Prentice Hall).
www.wilmott.com/blogs/satyajitdas/...atastrophic-to-Just-Awful
Thirteen East and Southeast Asian countries agreed on Sunday to set up a $120 billion emergency fund for use in an economic downturn, the first independent move by Asia to shield itself from financial crisis.
Japan, the region's biggest economy, also announced a plan to supply up to 6 trillion yen ($61.54 billion) to support its neighbors in an economic downturn. The initiatives were announced on the Indonesian island of Bali, on the sidelines of the Asian Development Bank's (ADB) annual meeting, and one analyst said they could lead to some optimism in regional markets on Monday.
"This news is not a surprise but confirmation may be taken by the optimists as a reason to continue the recent rally," said Kirby Daley, senior strategist at Newedge Group in Hong Kong.
"It's definitely a step in the right direction for Asia to wean itself from dependence on the West. However, implementation is unlikely to have a sustainable impact on Asian economies in the absence of a robust U.S. consumer."
While Asian banks largely avoided the credit crisis that tore through Wall Street and much of Europe, the region has since been hit by the downturn in the West, which has eroded demand for Asian automobiles, electronics and other exports.
The region's economies are likely to grow just 3.4 percent in 2009, the slowest pace since the Asian financial crisis a decade ago, the ADB has forecast. It sees growth recovering to 6.3 percent next year if demand rebounds.
China and Japan have each committed to provide 32 percent of the regional fund, known as the Chiang Mai Initiative. South Korea has committed to 16 percent, with the rest coming from the 10-member Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN).
The fund will offer emergency balance of payments support to any country hit with the type of capital flight that marked the Asian financial crisis of 1997/98.
"The current global situation requires more concerted efforts to enhance confidence, maintain financial stability, and prevent further decline in economic growth," a joint statement by the region's finance ministers said.
"The deepening global economic downturn, coupled with heightened risk aversion in financial markets, (has) adversely impacted trade and investment in the region."
Self -Reliance
The fund reflects Asia's desire for self-reliance in crisis, said ADB Managing Director General Rajat Nag.
"After the 1997 financial crisis, one lesson that Asia learned was you better be ready to depend on yourself.
"If the region is going to be an economic growth center, it is also appropriate that it knows it has the resources and reserves to stand on its own feet."
By committing the same amount as Japan, China was also looking to assert itself in the region, one meeting participant said.
"The details of the agreement reflect China's ascent in the economic community," said the participant, who declined to be identified because of the sensitivity of the topic.
The fund will be launched by the end of the year, and a surveillance unit to monitor the region's economies will be set up with the help of the ADB and the ASEAN Secretariat.
ASEAN includes Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.
The countries will also set up a $500 million guarantee for local currency corporate bonds issued within the region.
Underlining the growing importance of the Asian regional bond market, Standard & Poor's announced on Sunday it was launching an ASEAN credit rating scale to increase transparency about the credit risk of regional borrowers.
ADB President Haruhiko Kuroda told the bank's annual meeting that Asia needs to develop its debt markets to better channel the region's massive savings into investments and stave off another crisis.
No discussions have yet been held on what currency the regional fund will be based on, but Japan's separate plan, announced by Finance Minister Kaoru Yosano, is aimed at promoting the use of the yen in the ASEAN region, Tokyo said.
Yosano said Japan will also introduce a framework to guarantee samurai bonds, yen-denominated debt issued in Japan by foreign entities, up to 500 billion yen ($5.13 billion).
The ADB itself also plans to ramp up lending to about $33 billion in 2009-2010, almost a 50 percent increase over 2007-2008, to counter the crisis.
The Manila-based multilateral lender is funded by donations mainly from Japan, the United States and European nations.
Bank of America is working on plans to raise more than $10 billion in fresh capital, even as it and Citigroup launch last-ditch attempts to convince the U.S. government they do not need to bolster their balance sheets, the Financial Times reported.
Citing people close to the situation, the paper said that Citi , Bank of America and at least two other lenders will on Monday attempt to convince the U.S. Treasury and Federal Reserve that the findings of "stress tests" into their financial health were too pessimistic.
Bank of America, which has had $45 billion in government aid, was found to need well in excess of $10 billion, the Financial Times reported on its website on Sunday, citing sources.
Regional lenders Wells Fargo and PNC Financial were also among the banks that would need to raise more capital unless they could persuade the authorities their findings were wrong, the paper reported, citing people close to the situation.
Nineteen U.S. banks are undergoing a stress test, designed to ensure these institutions have enough capital to withstand the recession. Banks received preliminary results of the test last week, and many are now negotiating with the Fed over whether they have enough tangible common equity, a measure of capital strength.
Analysts believe the government will say all 19 banks are solvent when the results are announced on May 7, but that some banks need to raise more capital than others to cushion themselves if the recession worsens.
Citi and Bank of America are the likeliest to need more capital, analysts have said.
The Wall Street Journal earlier reported that Citi may need to raise as much as $10 billion.
Bank of America officials were not immediately available to comment on the report.
A Fed spokesperson declined to comment on the FT report.
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